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Circulating endothelial cell
Circulating endothelial cells (CECs) are endothelial cells that have been shed from the lining of the vascular wall into the blood stream.〔Woywodt, A., Bahlmann,F.H., de Groot, K., Haller, H., Haubitz, M. (2002) Circulating endothelial cells: life, death, detachment and repair of the endothelial cell layer. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 17: 1728-1730〕 Endothelial cells normally line blood vessels to maintain vascular integrity and permeability, but when these cells enter into the circulation, this could be a reflection of vascular dysfunction and damage.〔Damani, S., Bacconi, A., Libiger, O., Chourasia, A. H., Serry, R., Gollapudi, R., ... & Topol, E. J. (2012). Characterization of circulating endothelial cells in acute myocardial infarction. Science translational medicine, 4(126), 126ra33-126ra33〕 There are many factors involved in the process of creating CECs, including: reduced interaction between the endothelial cells and basement membrane proteins, damaged endothelial cellular adhesion molecules, mechanical injury, decreased survival of cytoskeletal proteins, and inflammation.〔 Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are cells derived from the bone marrow which differentiate into endothelial cells to help support the vascular endothelium and create new blood vessels.〔Hill, J. M., Zalos, G., Halcox, J. P., Schenke, W. H., Waclawiw, M. A., Quyyumi, A. A., & Finkel, T. (2003). Circulating endothelial progenitor cells, vascular function, and cardiovascular risk. New England Journal of Medicine. 348: 593-600.〕 EPCs are biomarkers of repair while CEC are biomarkers of damage.〔Werner, N., Kosiol, S., Schiegl, T., Ahlers, P., Walenta, K., Link, A., ... & Nickenig, G. (2005). Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and cardiovascular outcomes. New England Journal of Medicine. 353: 999-1007.〕 They can be distinguished by their different surface markers .〔Boos, C. J., Lip, G. Y. and Blann, A. D. (2006) Circulating endothelial cells in cardiovascular disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 48: 1538–1547〕
== History ==
Identification of CECs began in the 1970s.〔Bouvier, C.A., Gaynor, E., Clintron, J.R. et al (1970) Circulating endothelium as an indicator of vascular injury. Thromb Diath Haemorrh. 40: 163-168〕 A key step in their investigation occurred in 1992 when monoclonal antibodies to surface CEC antigens were discovered 〔George, F., Brisson, C., Poncelet, P., Laurent, J.C., Massot, O., Arnoux, D., Ambrosi, P., Klein-Soyer, C., Cazenave, J.P., Sampol, J. (1992) Rapid isolation of human endothelial cells from whole blood using S-Endo 1 monoclonal antibody coupled to immunomagnetic beads: demonstration of endothelial injury after angioplasty. Thromb Haemost. 67:147–153〕
, leading to novel markers of CECs.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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